So why do it? People will say, "Well, I know but I'm a good citizen." And if everybody thought that way, we wouldn't have a functioning system. What do people think when they vote? Well, what they'll often say if you ask someone, don't you know that the probability that you'll decide the election is zero? Zero. But people do vote, and that's a paradox. The only way that it'll make any difference to the outcome is if it's almost exactly tied, and you went in and broke the tie but you know that that's one in 100 million chance so you shouldn't vote because you're not going to have any impact. Well you know that in reality the probability that the decision will be won by one vote in the election is minuscule, right? There's millions of people voting. The simplest way is to say, people vote, don't they? Why do they vote? Okay. In this case, we had this relates to Newcomb's paradox. Then, there's something else called quasi-magical thinking. But the pigeons started repeating behaviors because they thought they were connected to the pellet. Then, they thought they'd learned that it affects the pellets even though it had not and then we know about the construction that the machine was just passing out a pellet every 15 seconds. Since there was only 15 seconds between 12 pellets, one came out of course. And so they thought, well maybe that caused the pellet to come out and they'd try it again. They noticed that they stamped their foot randomly and then a pellet came out. But what he found was the pigeons started doing bizarre things dancing around or stomping their feet and he wondered what it was while he watched more closely and he discovered that they did the same thing that they did before the last pellet. This was really annoying to the pigeons because it was hungry and it had to eat at such a slow pace. They were just hung like on a diet, and they had a mechanical feeder that would drop one pellet of food every 15 seconds into the cage. Maybe this is a cruel experiment, not that cruel. These were hungry pigeons and they kept them. He had pigeons in cages, and they had a mechanical feeder. Skinner in 1948, describing not human beings but pigeons.
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